Nicotine Withdrawal Tips From Successful Ex-Smokers

Nicotine Withdrawal Tips From Successful Ex-Smokers Addiction Nicotine Use Nicotine Withdrawal Print Nicotine Withdrawal Advice From Successful Ex-Smokers How to Manage the Discomforts Without Lighting Up By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on January 19, 2020 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD on January 19, 2020 Paul Bradbury/Caiaimage/Getty More in Addiction Nicotine Use Nicotine Withdrawal After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery There is no better teacher than the voice of experience, and when it comes to nicotine withdrawal, there are no better teachers than members of our own community. They are an important resource for new ex-smokers.   When youre done reading this, bookmark it to refer to it when youre having a bad day. Next thing you know, youll be the one sharing the tips that helped you mostâ€"with smoking solidly in your past. Beating Physical Cravings to Smoke There are various ways to beat cravings that dont involve a patch. Here are a few practices that worked for me: Drink plenty of water: Water is one of natures best quitting aids and will help you beat back cravings to smoke.  Youll be  well-hydrated, which in turn keeps you at your best to deal with the discomforts of the first few weeks of smoking cessation. Water can help control snacking and flush the toxins from cigarettes out  of your body more quickly.Avoid all smokers: At least for the first week. Climbing the walls was necessary, but I did manage it.Chew something: Munching on spicy things like cinnamon candies and whole cloves stimulated those oral muscles so used to smoking. Arm yourself with sugar-free bubble gum, mints, or candy at all timesCurb or cut certain beverages: Because alcohol can reduce inhibitions, you may lose track of your willpower and reach for a cigarette.  Non-alcoholic beverages can apply, too. I cut my coffee intake to one, sometimes two, cups per day.Accept cravings: I do not fight the cravings and urges to smoke because it only makes me tenser. I try to accept , if not welcome them as a natural part of my addiction recovery. I let them wash over me, take deep breaths and just ride them out with movementâ€"climbing a flight of stairs, jumping up and down, or taking a hot shower.Sing: The physical act of singing works great as a crave-buster. It gives the lungs a workout, gets the blood flowing, and kills the urge to smoke in the process. Pick your favorite motivating music, and as an added bonus, its a mood booster. Releasing the Habit of Smoking I recognized, after the initial physical withdrawal from nicotine, that I was breaking a habit. So I thought about how I could replace that habit with something healthy. For instance, you can take a different route to work. Or have your morning coffee and meals in a different room than you usually do.  I used to smoke on my porch. Instead, I started taking herbal tea to the porch, and before long I didnt feel comfortable going out there without my tea. I also look past the desire for a cigarette to the bigger meaning. The only thing smoking a cigarette would accomplishâ€"besides making me feel badâ€"would be  to make me want another cigarette. Even if it satisfied me, how long would that satisfaction last? How long before Id want another one?  When you learn to identify the source of your discomfort, you can react with a better choice than smoking. If youre tired, rest. If youre hungry, have a snack. Reducing Stress A stress ball is one way to find reliefâ€"I used a 2-inch cloth-covered gel ball myselfâ€"but there are plenty of other methods. Find the technique that fits best into your lifestyle and try to practice it frequently when cravings hit. Exercise: I make it a practice to get in at least 30-40 minutes of brisk walking daily.Write in a diary: This practice helped me most for the first weeks and months. I actually wrote Day 1, Day 2, and so on and under each heading described how I felt and how I dealt with various situations.    Pamper yourself: During the early stages, I was very critical of myself, so I told myself it was okay if I had a few days where I did nothing but rest and relax. It made nicotine withdrawal a lot easier because I didnt expect too much of myself during the first few days.Breathe: Use meditation techniques or whatever method sticks for you. For many, the relaxation you reap from breathing exercises offers a similar feeling as nicotine once did.Find a buddy: I paired up with someone who quit the same day I did. We held each other accountable.Laugh: Keep your sense of humor. Watch comedies on TV, funny movies, or find joke websites on the Internet.     Adjusting Your Attitude Mantras can be a powerful way to shift thinking from negative to positive. These inner monologues helped me in my quitting journey: I choose to work it just for today. I dont worry about tomorrow. If I keep my focus on staying smoke-free  just for today, it becomes less overwhelming.    Remember quitting isnt an eventâ€"it is a process. Everyones process is different. It does get better for some earlier, and  for others (like me) later.    Recite NOPE (Not One Puff Ever)  as often as you need, make a song out of it and chant it when you have a cravingâ€"this helped me immensely in the beginning.    Knowledge is power. Understanding this addiction and our internal junkie goes a long way toward beating it.  When I see a smoker enjoying a cigarette, I remind myself that they probably wish that they could quit like I have. I know thats how I felt as a smoker whenever someone I knew had quit.    I remind myself that nicotine withdrawal takes a lot of work and I will just have to start at the beginning again should I relapse. I also remind myself that there is no such thing as having just one cigarette. I know from per sonal experience and have made that mistake too many times before. It never works.   Thankfully, nicotine withdrawal is a short-lived phase of smoking cessation, but it can be intense while it lasts. The more you understand about what to expect when you quit smoking, the better prepared youll be to plan for and successfully navigate the challenges that may present themselves along the way. Be patient with yourself and willing to devote full attention to your quit program. Cast off any preconceived notions you might have about how long the recovery process should take. Rather, relax into your journey and take it one day at a time. The difficulties of nicotine withdrawal pale in comparison to the strength and empowerment that comes from  beating nicotine addiction. 10 Practical Tips to Help With Nicotine Withdrawal

The Evil of Human Trafficking - 996 Words

Introduction Human Trafficking is one of the most heinous crimes that operate over transnational boundaries. The act of human trafficking is highlighted as a criminalized activity according to the article 5 of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol set out by United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. While Human Trafficking is generally attributed to the Less Developed Countries. This is because the socio economic dynamics along with weaker law and order situation provide a strong environment for this activity to take place. That said the developed countries have an equally important role to play in the prevalence of Human Trafficking. What is Human Trafficking? As implied by the word, and in simple words, human trafficking involves smuggling of human individuals across Trans national boundaries. However, over the years it has been realized that there are far more other angles to human trafficking beyond mere smuggling. For this reason, the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime has given a comprehensive definition of human trafficking under the article 3 of its Trafficking in Persons Protocol. According to the definition given by the United Nations, the act of human trafficking involves, recruiting, transporting, harboring, transferring or receiving of persons by means of fraud, exploitation, force, coercion, threat, deception, or offering of some kind of unlawful benefits (Potts, 2003). Generally, human trafficking is done for the purpose of prostitution, slavery orShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : An Illegal Movement Of People1396 Words   |  6 Pagesevents in which someone has been abducted, beaten, and e ven murdered. We observe the effects of evil from our living room and wish there was a way to better the issues that feel heavy with our hearts. We begin to dread the days that follow because we fear the next headline will be news of a loved one. It reaches a point where everything feels as if it has collapsed inside and there is no fix. Human trafficking is one out of many of those issues, but with the help of those who feel lost and weak becauseRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Women Sold Into Prostitution Trades1199 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Trafficking: Women sold into Prostitution Trades Introduction Historical Background. First off, prostitution has existed even before Christ set foot on this earth. The term is beyond ancient and has a long-term historic footprint around the world. Over the years women have a long history being apart of sex trafficking whether it’s self volunteered or forcefully. Regardless of the laws that have been established to help decrease to eliminate what is still becoming a hot topic problem in theRead MoreA Speech On Human Trafficking1256 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is the illegal transport of people from one place to the other, mainly for forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Human trafficking is a multi-facetted social evil perpetrated against the vulnerable and economic disadvantaged group of people on our globe, with women and children the most affected. It involves the use of force, fraud, seduction or coercion to obtain some type of commercial sex act. It is estimated 21 million people are victims of hu man trafficking worldwideRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Serious Violation Of Human Rights1639 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Human trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, harbouring and/ or exercising control, direction or influence over the movements of a person in order to exploit that person, typically through sexual exploitation or forced labour† (Public Safety Canada, 2015). It is also called a modern form of slavery. According to one estimate about 2.4million people around the globe are trafficked annually (Golbya, Sian Hsiang-Te Zacharias, 2015). In Canada alone, currently, 56 human trafficking casesRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Prostitution1061 Words   |  5 Pagesbreak the spirit of girls, through humiliation, rape, threats, and violence† (Kristof, 2009, p. 10). Violence comes to those women there on their own accord or those forced and trafficked. While legalizing prostitution could possibly allow for human trafficking to be monitored more clo sely, it feeds into the demand. Logically, legalizing sex work will increase the demand. Since it is legal, people who would otherwise refrain from going to a brothel because it is illegal are now much more likely toRead MoreLegalization Of Prostitution And Prostitution1612 Words   |  7 Pagessubject to a penalty. Prostitution has been condemned as a single form of human rights abuse, and an attack on the dignity and worth of human beings, while other schools of thought state that sex work is a legitimate occupation; whereby a person trades or exchanges sexual acts for money and/or goods. Some believe that women in developing countries are especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation and human trafficking, while others distinguish this practice from the global sex industry, in whichRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Form Of Modern Slavery937 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Human slavery is a robust, multi-billion dollar industry- only drugs and weapon dealing are more profitable,† said Dr. Noel Busch-Armendariz. Human trafficking is expected to have generated 32 Billion US dollars (â€Å"Factsheet†). Abducting humans into forced labor of any kind that generates this much money is absurd. Slavery has been illegal since 1865, however human trafficking is growing rapidly in the U nited States because of crime, poverty, and gangs. Human trafficking isn’t a well-known crimeRead MoreChild Welfare Committee / Juvenile Justice Board968 Words   |  4 Pagesfocus on the prevention of trafficking among children and protection of the child victims are: ï‚ § SAARTHAK: working in Delhi focus on providing mental health resources and process for the victims after rescued. ï‚ § RESCUE FOUNDATION: working in Maharashtra and runs shelter home with facilities such as counseling, training (vocational and life-skills), legal assistance, health care services (physical and psychological) and consequent repatriation. ï‚ § PRAJWALA: anti trafficking organisation based in HyderabadRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Modern Form Of Slavery924 Words   |  4 Pages PRESENT HUMAN SLAVERY ISN’T JUST ABOUT SEX TRAFFICKING, UP TO 27 MILLION PEOPLE ARE FORCED INTO LABOR IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY, FROM TOMATOES TO ELECTRONICS TO AMERICAN MILITARY CONTRACTING IN PLACES LIKE IRAQ. AS AMERICANS THINK ABOUT HUMAN TRAFFICKING, THEY ARE INCLINED TO THINK ABOUT SEXUAL SLAVERY. IN FACT THE ACTUAL STORIES OF GIRLS SOLD OFF TO BROTHELS OR TRICKED INTO TAKING PART INTO PROSTITUTION BY GANGSTERS IS GREAT FEED FOR JOURNALISTS. THIS APPEALS TO A CERTAIN TYPE OF CELEB COMMITMENT THATRead MoreHuman Trafficking1210 Words   |  5 Pages2012 Human Trafficking â€Å"It is estimated that over 27 million slaves exist all over the world today† (Yea 3). This is the greatest amount of slaves in any point in history. Despite efforts from all over the world, human trafficking has become more prevalent overtime and a majority of the population is unaware. Because it is a major global problem in the world today, it is important to be aware of basic facts, prevention, protection and the prosecution of human trafficking. Human trafficking is

The Hardy Common Juniper

Common juniper is known by a variety of common names but here just two are mentioned, dwarf juniper and prostrate juniper. There are many subspecies or varieties of the common juniper ( Juniperous communis). Common juniper is a low shrub that generally grows no more than 3 to 4 feet high but can grow into a 30-foot tree. The common Juniper is the only circumpolar conifer in the northern hemisphere and grows worldwide including North America. The Common Juniper Tree Range Common juniper is found across the U.S.A. and Canada to Greenland, through Europe, across Siberia and Asia. Three major sub-species or varieties grow in North America: depressa occurs throughout Canada and the United States, megistocarpa occurs in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Quebec, montana occurs in Greenland, British Columbia, and California, Oregon, and Washington. The Hardy Common Juniper Common juniper is a hardy shrub, sometimes growing to tree size in a wide range of ecological conditions. The dwarf juniper typically grows on dry, open, rocky slopes and mountainsides but may be found in stressed environments where competition with other plants is almost non-existent. It also often grows in partial shade. Depending upon the latitude it can be found from lowland bogs at sea level to sub-alpine ridges and alpine tundra at over 10,000 feet. This juniper is also a common shrub of abandoned lowland fields in the Northern United States. Identification of Common Juniper The leaf of common Juniper is needle-like and slender, in whorls of three, sharp-pointed, glossy green with a broad white band on the upper side. Common juniper bark is red-brown and peeling in thin, vertical strips. The fruit is a berry-like cone, green to glaucous to black as it ripens. The shrub and tree forms of common juniper can be called prostrate, weeping, creeping and bushy. Uses of Common Juniper Common Juniper is of value for long-term land rehabilitation projects and is useful in preventing soil erosion. Common juniper provides important cover and browses for wildlife, especially mule deer. The cones are eaten by several species of songbirds and are an important food source for wild turkeys. Common junipers  make excellent, vigorous landscaping shrubs, which are readily propagated by cuttings in the commercial nursery trade. The juniper berry is used as a flavoring for gin and some foods. Fire and the Common Juniper Common juniper is often killed by fire. It has been described as having minimal â€Å"firesurviving regeneration properties, and resprouting after a fire is rare. The foliage of juniper is resinous and flammable, which sustains and fuels wildfire and the plant will be killed at high fire intensities.

Search Engines Free Essays

Rosetta Craft-Jones English Coma I Rough Draft My song Is Love on Top by Beyond. Beyond wrote love on top because she wanted to express how Jay Z makes her feel through the years on a daily basis through song. Throughout the years Beyond has had different songs dedicated to different people but this is a first to the one she loves. We will write a custom essay sample on Search Engines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which is good thing because Beyond and Jay Z are very private when It comes to there relationship. Which I’m going to give you briefing which led up to the song Love On Top. Narrative) She had success in the past year of 2011, Beyond won a Grammar for Love On Top for best dance in a video. Also during the performance at the Video Music Awards, while performing Love On Top she announced to Jay Z and the world she was pregnant (which was so spontaneous). She’s also happy about how there able to keep the tabloids out of there life and they keep things to them selves. Which has been that way since there courtship began in 2002. Beyond was so head over heels with Jay Z she moved from Houston to NY. Example) When Jay Z and Beyond met It was for a song collaboration for the song 02 Bonnie and Clyde. There where speculations then but it wasn’t confirmed until he song collaboration Crazy In Love came out that they where announced as a official couple. The couple went on to do other collaborations such as That’s how you like It and upgrade you. The couple came together In song to express there feelings for each other, But love on Top was Bounce’s education solo song to Jazzy. They are truly a power house couple. Description) By Beyond announcing the pregnancy of there baby on the Video Music Awards while performing Love On Top today’s was a heartfelt moment. Due to Beyond miscarrying the couples first child Just two years prior. Despite the rumors baby girl Blue Vive came in this World in January 2012. Jay Z has always made beyond happy you can tell by how she enhanced his career to ownership for his own record label, basketball team, etc. Beyond really did an Upgrade on Sean Carter A. K. A. Jay Z. Despite how her father Mathew Knowles felt about Jay Z , Bounce’s feelings didn’t change towards Jay Z. Jay Z was what Beyond was looking for, The bad boy business type. The couple had a very intimate and private seven year courtship. That led to a private marriage on April 4, 2008. Throughout the years trials, rumors, and success Beyond and Jay Z remained together and that is why her love is on top. Love On Top Honey, honey I can see the stars all the way from here, Can’t you see the glow on the window pane? I can feel the sun whenever you’re near Every time you touch me I Just melt anyhow everybody asks me why I’m smiling out from ear to ear. They say love hurts)But I know (It’s goanna take the real work) Nothings perfect, but it’s worth it after fighting through my fears, And finally you put me firstborn it’s you. , You’re the one I love. You’re the one I need. You’re the only one I see. Come on baby it’s you. You’re the one that gives your all. You’re the one I can always call. When I need you make everything stop. Finally you put my love on top. Oho! Come on Baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. You put my love on top. Oho 000! Come on baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. My love on top. My love on top. Come on Baby I can feel the wind whipping past my face. As we dance the night away. Boy your lips taste like a night of champagne. As I kiss you again, and again, and again and again. Now everybody asks me why I’m smiling out from ear to ear. (They say love hurts)But I know (It’s goanna take the real work) Nothings perfect, but it’s worth it after fighting wrought my fears. And finally you put me first. Baby it’s you. You’re the one I love. You’re the one I need. You’re the only one I see. Come on baby it’s you. You’re the one that gives your all. You’re the one I can always call. When I need you make everything stop. Finally you put my love on top. 000! Baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. You put my love on top. Oho 000! Come on baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. My love on top. Baby it’s you. You’re the one I love. You’re the one I need. You’re the only thing I see. Come on baby it’s you. You’re the one that gives your all. You’re the one that always calls. When I need you baby everything stops. Finally you put my love on top. Baby. You’re the one I love. Baby you’re all I need. You’re the only one I see. Come on baby it’s you. You’re the one that gives your all. You’re the one I always call. When I need you everything stops. Finally you put my love on topiary. Cue You’re the one that I love. Baby, you’re the one that I need. You’re the only thing I see. Baby baby it’s you. You’re the one that gives your all. You’re the one that always calls. When I need you everything stops. Finally you put my love on top How to cite Search Engines, Papers

Parent Essay Example For Students

Parent Essay Child BondingThesis: Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult,but to the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by a one-way flow ofconcern and affection to children for whom they have cared during the firstmonths and years of life. I. The importance of bonding or attachment in anindividuals life. A. Friend acquaintances B. A mother-child attachment 1. Thepower and importance of such a bond 2. How it paves the way for futureattachments II. The elements that are important to a mother-child bond. A. TouchB. Eye-to-Eye contact, voice and entertainment C. Odor among other things III. Bonding as it relates to breastfeeding A. The importance of breastfeeding to thebond development IV. Bonding and the hyperactive child A. The impact of bondingon hyperactivity B. Dealing with hyperactivity 1. Its believed origin V. Bondingand Divorce The problem associated with divorce as it relates to Children andthe bond between both parents In each persons life much of the joy and sorrowrevolves around attachments or affectionate relationships making them,breaking them, preparing for them, and adjusting to their loss by death. Amongall of these bonds as a special bond the type a mother or father forms withhis or her newborn infant. Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between ababy and an adult, but to the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by aone-way flow of concern and affection to children for whom they have caredduring the first months and years of life. According to J. Robertson in his bookA Baby in the Family: Loving and Being loved, individuals may have fro m threehundred to four hundred acquaintances in there lifetimes, but at any one timethere are only a small number of persons to whom they are closely attached. Heexplains that much of the richness and beauty of life is derived from theseclose relationships which each person has with a small number of individuals mother, father, brother, sister, husband, wife, son, daughter, and a small cadreof close friends (Robertson 1). A mother?s love is a crude offering, andaccording to Kennell and Klaus. In heir book Parent-Infant Bonding, there is apossessiveness in it, theres appetite in it. There is also a Drat theKid element in it, theres generosity in it, theres power in it, as wellas humility. However sentimentality is outside of it altogether and is repugnantto mothers (Kennell and Klaus 1). Some argue that attachment is one qualitativefeature of the emotional tie to the partner. The operationalization of theconstruct (attachment) to determine the presence or absence has to be done bysom e measure of the interaction between partners, and Joe Mercer in MothersResponses to their infants with defects says: The mothers either respond to herinfant?s cries with affectionate behaviors and evokes the infantsinteracting to suggest the infant is a central part of her life, or she does. The infant either shows preferential responses to the mother, responds to herverbal and tactile stimulation, or does not. (Mercer 17). He further goes on toexplain that it is easier for the infant to say the tie to the mother is absent,but the psychological complexity of adults make it far more difficult to say amother has no bond to her infant (Mercer 19). Attachment is crucial to thesurvival and development of the infant. Kenneth and Klaus points out that theparents bond to their child may be the strongest of all human ties (Kennell andKlaus 3). This relationship has two unique characteristics. First, before birthone individual infant gestates within a part of the mother body and second,after birth she ensures his survival while he is utterly dependent on her anduntil he becomes a separate individual. According to Mercer, the power of thisattachment is so great that it enables the mother and father to make the unusualsacrifices necessary for the care of their infant. Day after day, night afternight; changing diapers, attending to cries, protecting the child from danger,and giving feed in the middle of the night despite their desperate need to sleep(Mercer 22). It is important to note that this original parent-infant tie is themajor source for all of the infant?s subsequent attachment and is theformative relationship in the course of which the child develops a sense ofhimself. Throughout his lifetime the strength and character of this attachmentwill influence the quality of all future ties to other individuals. The questionis asked, What is the normal process by which a father and mother becomeattached to a healthy infant? Well, since the human infant is whollydependent on his mother or caregiver to meet all his physical and emotionalneeds the strength and durability of the attachment may well determine whetheror not he will survive and develop optimally. Experimental data suggest that thepast experiences of the mother are a major determinant in molding hercar e-giving role. Children use adults, especially loved and powerful adults, asmodels for their own behavior. Children development literature states that thepowerful process of imitation or modeling socially inclines children. Kennelland Klaus explain that unless adults consciously and painstakingly reexaminethese learned behaviors, they will unconsciously repeat them when they becomeparents (Kennell and Klaus 11). Thus the way a woman was raised, which includesthe practices of her culture and the individual idiosyncrasies of her ownmothers child raising practices greatly influences her behavior toward her woninfant. Bob Brazelton in The Early Mother-Infant Adjustment says that, Itmay seem to many that attachment to a small baby will come naturally and to maketoo much of it could be a mistake but there are many, many women who have adifficult time making this adjustment(Brazelton 10). He points out that wemust understand the ingredients of attachment in order to help, because eachmothe r-child dyad is unique and has individual needs of its own (Brazelton 12). Teenage Pregnancy EssayShe explains that parents need to understand that their bonding should not bedissolve after 2,3,5 or even 10 years, it is something that should last alifetime and be taken into consideration at every bend along the long and dreadpathway of life (Berman 21). According to Susan Meyers in her book Who Will Takethe Children? makes it clear that no one factor can be held responsible forshaping the kind of person one becomes or the ways in which an individual tendsto look at things (Meyers 30). She further explains that many elements impactupon peoples lives, from the genes we inherit to the families we are born intoand the communities in which the child grows up (Meyers 31). As pointed out byBerman, Divorce is one of the worst things that can happen between parentsduring the early years of a child?s life, not only can divorce break allthe bonds which were previously established, but is something that can leave thechildren with lots of baggage.(Meyers 30) Berman la ter points out thatwhen children learn that a vow or bond can be broken (and divorce writes the endto the marital vow), they face life with uncertainty. When they do not receivethe nurturing that?s needed, they are likely to enter into healthyrelationships (Berman 35). Berman states the case of a thirty-four-year-oldwoman whose parents divorced when she was thirteen. The woman asks, whenyour parents betray you and break the bond between them and their child, thenwho do you trust? Is it a rhetorical question? She goes on to explain,for years I had the feeling that everyone was out to get me. It took me along time to trust anyone. (Berman 36) Maybe now people (parents) willcome to realize that bonding does not only refer to mutual affection between ababy and an adult. But it is the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by aone-way flow of concern and affection for whom they have cared during the firstmonths and years of life. BibliographyBerman, Claire. Adult Children of Divorce Speak Out. New York: Simon andSchuster, 1991. Brazelton, Bob. The Early Mother-Infant Adjustment. Amsterdam:Elsevier Publishing Co. 1973. Kennell, John and Marshall Klaus. Parent-InfantBonding. Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1976. Macfarlene, Rolland. TheRelationship between Mother Neonate. New York: Oxford University Press,1978. Mercer, Joe. Mothers Response to Their Infants with Defects. New York:Charles B. Slack Inc., 1974. Meyers, Susan. Who Will Take the Children?Indianapolis/New York: Bobbe-Mervil, 1983. Oaklander, Violet. Windows to ourChildren. Utah: Real People- Press, 1978. Robertson, J. A Baby in the Family:Loving and being loved. London: Penguin Books, Ltd., 1982. Stewart, Mark A. Raising a Hyperactive Child. London: Harper and Row Publishers, 1973.

The Viking Age Has Long Been Associated With Unbridled Piracy, Essays

The Viking age has long been associated with unbridled piracy, when freebooters swarmed out of the northlands in their longships to burn and pillage their way across civilized Europe. Modern scholarship provides evidence this is a gross simplification, and that during this period much progress was achieved in terms of Scandinavian art and craftsmanship, marine technology, exploration, and the development of commerce. It seems the Vikings did as much trading as they did raiding. The title "Viking" encompasses a wide designation of Nordic people; Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians, who lived during a period of brisk Scandinavian expansion in the middle ages, from approximately 800 to 1100 AD. This name may be derived from the old Norse vik(bay or creek). These people came from what is now Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and had a self-sustaining, agricultural society, where farming and cattle breeding were supplemented by hunting, fishing, the extraction of iron and the quarrying of rock to make whetstones and cooking utensils; some goods, however, had to be traded; salt, for instance, which is a necessity for man and cattle alike, is an everyday item and thus would not have been imported from a greater distance than necessary, while luxury items could be brought in from farther south in Europe. Their chief export products were, iron, whetstones, and soapstone cooking pots, these were an essential contribution to a trade growth in the Viking age. The contemporary references we have about the Vikings stem mainly from sources in western Europe who had bitter experiences with the invaders, so we're most likely presented with the worst side of the Vikings. Archaeological excavations have shown evidence of homesteads, farms, and marketplaces, where discarded or lost articles tell of a common everyday life. As the Viking period progressed, society changed; leading Chieftain families accumulated sufficient land and power to form the basis for kingdoms, and the first towns were founded. These market places and towns were based on craftsmanship and trade. Even though the town dwelling Vikings kept cattle, farmed, and fished to meet their household needs, the towns probably depended on agricultural supplies from outlying areas. They also unfortunately did not pay as much attention to renovation and waste disposal as they did to town planning, as evidenced by the thick layers of waste around settlements. In contemporary times the stench must have been nauseating. Trade, however, was still plentiful, even in periods when Viking raids abounded, trade was conducted between Western Europe and the Viking homeland; an example of this being the North Norwegian chieftain, Ottar, and King Alfred of Wessex. Ottar visited King Alfred as a peaceful trader at the same time as Alfred was waging war with other Viking chieftains. The expansion of the Vikings was probably triggered by a population growth out stepping the capacities of domestic resources. Archaeological evidence shows that new farms were cleared in sparsely populated forests at the time of their expansion. The abundance of iron in their region and their ability to forge it into weapons and arm everyone setting off on raids helped give the Vikings the upper hand in most battles. The first recorded Viking raid occurred in 793 AD, the holy island of the Lindisfarne monastery just off the Northeast shoulder of England was pillaged, around the same time, there are recorded reports of raids elsewhere in Europe. There are narratives of raids in the Mediterranean, and as far as the Caspian Sea. Norsemen from Kiev even attempted an attack on Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Unfortunately, in the picture handed down to us in written accounts, the Vikings are portrayed as terrible robbers and bandits, this is strictly a single sided view; and, while the above statement is probably true, they had other traits as well. Some of their leaders were very skillful organizers, as evidenced by the fact that they were able to establish kingdoms in already-conquered territories. Some of these, such as the ones established in Dublin and York did not survive the Viking period; Iceland, however, is still a thriving nation. The Viking Kingdom in Kiev formed the basis of the Russian Empire. The remains of fortresses dated to the end of the Viking period, have been found in Denmark; the fortresses are circular and are divided into quadrants, with square buildings in each of the four sections. The precision with which these castles were placed indicates an advanced sense of order, and a knowledge of surveying techniques and geometry in the Danish Kingdom. The farthest westward drive occurred around 1000 AD, when people from Iceland or Greenland attempted to plant roots in the North coast of Newfoundland in North America, however, conflicts

To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived Essay Example

To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived Essay Example To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived Essay To what extent can the tragedy of Eva Smith be blamed on the society in which she lived Essay Essay Topic: Literature In this essay I will explain who I feel is most responsible for Eva Smiths death, by examining each characters contribution to the tragedy. I will also illustrate to what extent her death can be blamed on the society she lived in. In 1912 the society in which Eva Smith lived was very strict with a class system that split England up into wealthy and poor people with no classes dividing them. The sailing of the titanic was one of the feature points for that year. The navy was unchallenged and there were no help from the state to support the poor, no DHSS or NHS and the average life expectancy was around 46. There were advances in technology mass media being one, the developing of motorcars was introduced but only available for those who were rich enough to afford one. Trade unions had also started to gain power in the society, there were strikes from coal miners about work costs and conditions and the campaign for womens rights had begun. I will demonstrate what I think Mr Arthur Birling had to do with the death. He is a pompous, self-serving business man who seems to have a high opinion of himself. Mr Birling states for lower costs and higher prices. From this quote you can tell that all he is interested in is his business, money and himself and couldnt care less about anyone or anything. He also says I gather that there is a very good chance of knight hood this also tells us he is snobby and vain, and thinks his stature and class make him the best and his knighthood is what he really cares about. When the Inspector starts to ask him questions about Eva Smith he seems to remember her quite well and gives the Inspector a lot of information about her, he even said himself that she was a good worker. And was told by the leading operator in his factory that she was ready for promotion. He told the Inspector that it all started to go wrong for her when she came back from holiday in August, he said that her attitude had changed quite dramatically and she seemed rather restless within herself. Then out of no-where Eva and a group of girls asked Mr Birling for a pay rise of twelve and a half shillings, so that they could average twenty-five shillings a week. He had refused their demand and told them that it was a free country and if they wanted to go and work somewhere else they could. He basically was telling them they were sacked and to go and find another job. The women then decided to go on strike but as Mr Birling told us that the strike didnt last for long maybe a week or two, as they were all broke. At this time there were no work benefits so the workers had no help and just did what they were told to do. There was a class system and because the workers were lower class they had to respect their superiors i. e. their bosses. That was the last Mr Birling had seen or heard of Eva smith. I feel that Mr Birling is mainly to blame, as he had started a chain of reactions from sacking Eva. Sheila Birling. She is a pretty young girl in her early twenties; she is also well educated and has a rather pleasant and excited outlook on life. You can tell this from the beginning of the book, where the family are having dinner, Sheilas language and behaviour shows us that she was brought up in a high class way, the words she uses also state this like I should jolly well think not and she refers to her parents as mummy and daddy. Just from these two quotes it shows you that she has be taught proper English, she uses this throughout out the book. This also relates to class, as your upbringing depended on what class you where from. At first Sheila acts innocent and concerned as she is unaware of whom they are talking about. She thinks her dad is responsible for the girls death as he had taken her job away from her. Shelia is obviously concerned as she starts to ask the Inspector questions like what was she like, quite young? And when the Inspector tells her how old she was she asks the Inspector more questions like was she pretty? The name Eva Smith pops up again but still Sheila doesnt realise who it is, Sheila asks the Inspector what happened to the girl, after her Father had sacked her. The Inspector tells her that she had gone to work in a shop called Milwards a shop that Sheila had been going to of late. They carry on talking about Evas time at Milwards and then Sheila starts to realise that she might have met and had something to do with this girls death, so she asks the Inspector what she looked like. The Inspector took out a photograph from his pocket and showed it to Sheila, she noticed the face of this girl from one day at Milwards. Sheila then told the Inspector and the others what had happened between them. After Sheila tells the Inspector this she feels totally to blame and gets upset and if I could help her now I would this shows us that Sheila is sorry even though she is too late. But when the Inspector starts to ask more questions she then realises that her Father and her werent the only ones who had something to do with this girl. But out of all the characters she is the only person to show emotion towards Eva so I think that Sheila is still partly to blame but only due to her actions in Milwards. Now I will write about Gerald Croft, he is an attractive, well-bred chap about thirty and is the man-about-town. He met Eva when she had changed her name to Daisy Renton in the Stalls bar at the Palace Variety Theatre he said that I went down to the bar for a drink this shows he had no intentions of meeting anyone, only to have a nice quite drink he also claimed that Daisy looked young, fresh and charming and he saw that Alderman Meggarty had wedged her into a corner with his obscene fat carcass this girl had given him a look as though it was a cry for help, he decide to go and tell Alderman Meggarty that the manager had a message for him and him and girl then left. The night didnt end there though because they went onto the County Hotel a quieter place to drink, Eva didnt get drunk as it says she only had a port and lemonade which also shows that he never got her drunk and had no thought of to either. Heres where they arranged to meet again. Gerald allowed Daisy to survive a little longer. He was very generous to Daisy, providing her with enough money to survive and also free accommodation. Although he did eventually desert her, Daisy was prepared for this as their classes were very different Gerald was a wealthy upper class man and she was a lower class working women, in that time people were expected to know their place in society, so people from different classes were not allowed to get involved with each other as they would have been frowned upon by people in power due to the class system, and it was not as big a blow as her dismissal thanks to Sheila or the consequences of her later relationship with Eric. I believe that his initial intentions were good and he did not set out to have Daisy as his mistress, only wishing to free her from old Joe Meggarty A notorious womaniser. Gerald explains that after he had rescued her, he deliberately met Daisy a second time I discovered, not that night but Throughout this explanation Sheila seems relatively calm, considering the situation. She often adds sarcastic remarks such as Well we didnt think he meant Buckingham Palace. As already stated, I do not consider Gerald played a major part in Evas death but still contributed to it. When questioned by the Inspector, Mrs Sybil Birling immediately proclaims her innocence, denying she had anything to do with Eva Smith or Daisy Renton. The Inspector seems to carry out his duties in a most unusual manner and although the rest of the family seem quite aware of this, Mrs Birling seems totally unaware of his methods. Initially she is relaxed with an easy tone but after continual interruptions by Sheila with phrases like Mother, stop! she becomes very agitated wanting to prove her innocence. At one point she tries to intimidate the Inspector, in a similar manner to that of her husband, by commenting on the fact that they are upper class to get at the Inspector You know of course that my husband was Lord Mayor only two years ago this shows that she knows that she is going to have to explain what happened between her and Eva so she tries in every possible manner to o utwit the Inspector. Mrs Birling should have been less hasty in her judgement of Eva. Because she hadnt even met the girl and by giving her a second chance she could have saved the girls life. But Mrs Birling judged her on first impressions and I think that for a woman of her stature to do a thing like that is wrong. She should have know not to Judge a book by its cover but have at least talked to her before making a judgement on that note I think that this could have been the point that threw Eva over the edge and made her want to kill herself. Finally Eric, a man in his early twenties not a relaxed person half shy and half assertive. He is the person I believe to carry most of the blame; he could have been more honourable in many respects. (Like he could have ask her to marry him even though the class system wouldnt have allowed it, he shouldnt of stole money to give to her as this was the wrong way to give her some money, he shouldnt have got drunk and had a one night stand in the first place as this was frowned upon in the middle and upper classes. This was because the superiors thought that there shouldnt a mix in classes and they should be kept apart and to stay that way. When he comes in he knows that everybody knows about his relationship with Eva but still he asks who told his mother this and blames it on Sheila by saying you told her. Why you little sneak! This shows that he is trying to make out that what he had done with Eva had not come from his lips and so therefore wasnt one hundred percent true. I think that Eric is a sneaky person and the next quote shows this as his Father asks him where did you get fifty pounds from? This tells us that he had not told his Father about taking the money. He also thought that he could let Eva survive on the stolen money, but this soon changed when Eva found out and started to refuse it. When the Inspector questions him about the money he begins to try and cover his tracks as when the question you mean-you stole the money? gets asked he replies not really and tells the Inspector that he intended to pay it back This tells us that he has lied and is now trying to cover it up. Once everything about Erics and the others encounters with Eva had come out the Inspector decides to leave. Leaving them in a muddle blaming the girls death on each other. Although Eva was partly responsible for her own downfall, others were also to blame and to a certain extent, she was also a victim of circumstances in the society in which she lived. At the end of the day I cannot prove which character is most responsible for Eva Smiths death because they all have equally contributed to it. Arthur, Sheila, Gerald, Eric and Sybil are all as responsible as one another. Not at any point in Evas life did either of them take her feelings into consideration but continued to carry out their own lives, not caring for anyone except from themselves. In all Honesty I truly think that Mr Birling is the character to blame as if he never sacked Eva in the first place, then the chain of events that followed would have never happened and Eva would never have committed suicide. I feel that I have shown that everybody in the Birling household and Gerald Croft were partly to blame for Eva Smiths death. As well the society in which she lived plays a major part in her tragedy. I think that throughout the book the author is trying to put this idea across in his amazing portrayal of what could happen if we do not act as a community but as individuals. Her death was provoked by a chain of events that started with her getting sacked from two jobs then being deserted, used for sex, and then to be turned away from a helping charity. These events built up enough pressure to make her kill herself, as she did not have anything left to aim for, no job, money, turned away from help and no one to love. If Mr Birling hadnt of sacked her in the first place, then none of these other events would have happened.