Causes Of Traffic Congestion In Cairo Egypt Tourism Essay

Causes Of Traffic Congestion In Cairo Egypt Tourism Essay Even though, Cairo is considered as a largest city in Africa, it also expected that the traffic will be major issue to deal with. There are at least 18 million people live in Cairo in addition of 3500 newborns added to this number each day. Logically its not all 18 million people have car but the nature of streets are clogged because of the traffic (stop- go). Its difficult to discern any particular rules of the road because there are many streets are one way not always this rule is working. Its known that red light mean stop or slowdown and green light walk light mean its safe to cross the road, but its not necessarily to believe in that, the drivers are increasing the speed to get through red traffic light with horns blaring to stop anyone who might consider getting in their way. Sometimes they are driving over the pavements; the only thing that forces the driver to stop is no possible way to squeeze around. Even though Egypt have a despite schemes of modernization in many parts of Cairo, donkey-carts are still a prominent feature in many streets and they manage their way through traffic with their own system but what an incredible thing is many cars do the same, in addition they use the lane of oncoming traffic when their own lane are full. Traffic in Cairo is absolutely chaotic. If you are ever tempted to drive in Egypt, take a rest until you get over it, said Mohamed Abdel-Hamid, manager of an international bank in Egypt, who suffers the daily commute from Heliopolis to 6th of October City and have a real vision about the traffic jam and the accident that occur every five minutes, which make us believe that even the chaos has its own rules. As Abdel-Hamid said: lane markers on the road are merely suggestions, and traffic signals are only an opinion, we can notice that the driver is driving like madmen, he is free to drive down the middle between two lanes of traffic, honking his horn expecting from the cars parallel to his on each side to make a room if possible. This is not considered rude or in any way out of the place, Abdel-Hamid says with irony. Traffic was not that bad few years ago. Nobody respects traffic regulations now; everybody simply goes his own way. It takes hours and hours to go anywhere. Streets are blocked all the time, day and night, especially on 6th of October Bridge -it is crazy to drive on the bridge nowadays, added Abdel-Hamid. More than 7000 people per year have been killed and wound nearly 35,000 causes of road fatalities as experts mentioned, so will we reach to limit the number of vehicles. Its obviously now that Cairo is crumbling under the twin pressure of traffic and population. According to Mohamed Mursi Mansour, director of Public Traffic Authority of Giza Governorate, new initiatives to address the traffic congestion in Egypt and the issues surrounding road safety are now active in General Authority for Roads and Bridges. Hundreds of millions of dollars will be spent on upgrading the safety and efficiency of the existing infrastructure in the short term, while mid- and long-term goals focus on increasing the width of roads, said Mansour. With refer to World Bank estimation of an urbanization level of 70% by year 2020. The most issues that are facing Egypt in urban transport are congestion, high reliance on road transport and traffic safety. Cairo experience show that the average speeds of traffic is less than 10 Km/hr. which keep in falling down with the increasing in the number of cars. As mentioned in World Bank report, dependence on public transportation is less than 65%. Abdel-Rahman sherif, head of South-Central Cairo Administration for General Transport, believes that the right solution is to develop an efficient public transportation system, such as the underground metro, also encourage people to use it, to reduce the number of private vehicles. A committee of traffic specialist and engineers should be formed to study the problem and draft a comprehensive master plan. I believe that Cairo is in dire need of better planning if traffic is to be streamlined, states sherif. Lets take a Dukki region as case in point, which was originally planned as a neighborhood of villas and boulevards. Owners of most villas in the district randomly expanded into more profitable high-rise apartment blocks. The streets and sewage system, however, could not cope with the resultant increase in the number of inhabitants, especially since few of these apartment buildings included garages. Planners, Sherif adds, had to expand the streets at the expense of pedestrian pavements a big mistake, in his opinion. Expanding streets and adding more fly-overs and tunnels is not always the solution to traffic congestion, Sherif argues. Rather, these measures encourage the influx of more vehicles into already congested areas. Nowadays, traffic in Cairo should be seen to be believed. Its more than like elemental force than a movement of cars. Absolutely there is many several forces contributed to traffic jam, these factor should be taken seriously and diagnosed before solution will be out of control. With refer to Atef Abdel-Ghani Fayad, whose working as general director of roads, he mentioned to the factors which might be considered as causes of traffic congestion: the population explosion, high frequency of daily trips by motorists, and urban and economic development. He also explained the need of efficient public transportation system and more qualified network of road and rails ways. Thats because the motorists make three trips daily in Greater Cairo as an average, with addition of population growth rate, its high at 2.4%: this means that we have an increase of nearly one million people every year. Its useless to lunch a project without studying the consequences adequately, like building bridges at Lebanon square in AL-Mohandissin, also Fayad was talking about this issue and he said: This area was originally planned for residential purposes, but now it is main cause of traffic congestion. The solutions we asked for should not be traditional, according to Fayad; we should study every small particular thing and take it seriously before we do it, also we have to get a drawing plan to study the network road, also we need to study the number and directions of daily trips made by motorists and commuters, after that we can tell and build the number of car parks needed. By increasing people awareness of traffic regulation and urging them to use public transportation are necessary, through efficient public transportation, and road maintenance. As mentioned by Director-General of Transportation at Ministry of Interior, Essameddin Asfour, there is a comprehensive plan on the table as to how to streamline traffic. people must be patient; when the completion of construction work of the bridge located in Lebanon Square as well as Al-Remayah Square comes to an end, this will alleviate much of pressure, as Asfour said. Asfour added: the ministry has also formed a committee of senior policemen whose task is to keep the congestion traffic areas clean, this problem is not only hard sometimes to solve by ministry but it also hard sometimes to be solved by experts and specialists in addition this case of problem is not the responsibility of Ministry of Interior alone, because the solutions can also be found by using information and communication technologies (ICTs). To the unexpected of many that technological solutions and applications can definitely put an end for this problem through a good use of database and instant information. Specialists and those are responsible about this problem should work together to find an outline for the path down which ICTs and transport can productively merge, adds asfour. Mohamed Abdel-Atti, an eminent transport expert, explains how ICTs will give a big help in traffic monitoring, especially monitoring traffic jams, like building up a powerful database capable of predicting bottlenecks and accident before they happen. Abdel atti explains that brining foreign technologies into Egypt market is not always good, so we should make our best out of them and adapting them to local needs and conditions. On the other side we should find a dire solution to secure the passage of pedestrians. The city streets are not organized; its difficult to cross the street. Its normal to cross one lane when thats all you can cross, then stand in the middle of torrent of whizzing cars waiting for the next opening. Death is inevitable, says Fayad sarcastically. The engineers and the worker on the site are always focus on traffic problems without taking in calculation that people and not cars are making the city as it is, also pedestrians go nearly always unconsidered. Fayad adds: cars are moving over pavements, which are no longer safe, and pedestrians have been forced into the center of the street, since becoming the main victims of traffic problems. To insure the safety to pedestrians passage, it was announced lately that there exists plan to build pedestrian tunnel all over Cairo, equipped with escalators. The first action is expected to start building the pedestrian tunnel in front of Cairo University in Giza. An equivalent tunnel already exists below Salah Salem Street in front of the Cairo Trade Fair grounds. Two other tunnels will be built in the areas of Abbasiya and Fustat, says Fayad. Officials wishes that after developing an efficient public transportation system, traffic will be streamlined and pedestrians will be able to walk and cross streets safely, Fayad added. Prime minister, Dr. Ahmed Nazif, has checked how is going the first project of public transportation in Greater Cairo which aims to include 200 buses as a first step. This project aims to release around 1100 buses through the three coming years, starting from this year also there will be 300 buses added to the 200 before the end of this year. The plan of this project is to provide 300 buses annually over the coming two years. The project also includes plans to develop the human resources for the workers and employees in Cairo Transportation Authority (CTA), as well as setting training program for administrative employees and drivers. Prime minister, Dr. Ahmed Nazif after he checked the first action of the project confirmed that Cairo is one of the biggest and largest city in the world with high population that normally cause a traffic congestion; however the government still fighting against the twin pressure which coming from traffic jam and high population. The government has decided to solve and work on this problem on two phases. Reduce the population through build new cities and improving squatters. There is a project exists and its aim is to get rid of kiosks to be implemented by the squatters development fund, Dr. Ahmed Nazif mentioned. The second phase with help of Cairo Transportation Authority (CTA)  Ã…   development and improvement is aiming to solve citizen daily surfing in Cairo traffic congestion, also encourage the people to use a public transportation instead of their own private cars. Dr. Ahmed Nazif keep the doors open for the private companies to participate in the mentioned project by including 1500 new air-conditioned buses by coming period, something which might encourage private cars owners to use special buses instead of their owns. Cairo is designed to home around 4 million drivers, but according to recent statistics confirmed that Cairo home 17 million at least, which obviously this huge difference will cause what called congestion and high population. According to this most Egyptians are waking-up on the noise of not duke but noise of horns, also they have the same routine at every morning at 8 am, the rushing torrent of buses, and once again at 5pm, passengers are getting in and out of the NON-STOP public transports while it keep in motion. In September 2008, the government takes an action against the new arrivals of new 120,000 vehicles to the Greater Cairo Streets, which was as mentioned by Abdel Azim Wazir, Cairo Governor: the Government has locate a space area outside the heart of the capital of Egypt, and the Government offices and ministries will be removed and rebuild it there, also it will stop build any more schools, universities or even government offices inside Cairo. After taking many opinions and comments also a recommendations from many responsible men and authorities, most of them are getting head-ace and confusing from this problem. But as view as traffic experts, they have another point view which is about the driving habits specially from what it calls microbus, most of Egyptians are using these kind of transportation with ignoring how bad the driver while he is driving holding horn all over the rout causing noise pollution and its not only this ,but also he doesnt respect the rules of the traffic even the respect of humidity. Microbus drivers are not wages by hours, but they wages by the number of daily trips the can do. So, they are throwing themselves in troubles with policemen also with most dangerous accident, that causes a high traffic congestions, also it need more than three hours to be solved. Because the government are not mentioned to the new traffic laws, thats why the drivers are keep ignoring the traffic signs, as Rehab Mahmou d said, a freelance business trainer.

Leadership Principles for Healthcare

America needs good leadership in every comer. Too often mediocrity is present in business, government, schools, and churches. In a rapidly changing world, it is crucial to have strong leaders. Although no set formula exists for defining leadership, studies show a few basic commonalities among people generally considered effective leaders. This paper discusses the principles of effective leadership in healthcare. Credibility As a leader in healthcare, one is required to perform all assigned duties, regardless of their size or perceived importance, up to standard, on time, and to the best of one’s ability. Others are interested in one’s past only insofar as it may indicate future capability. They want to know how well one performs one’s duty today, so that they may estimate what one will do tomorrow. The reputation that counts most is the one earns today. Any evidence of slipshod work, halfway measures or â€Å"after-the-fact† excuses will not be viewed favorably (Bryson & Crosby, 1992). For missions to succeed, especially in times of uncertainty, ambiguity, and adversity, leaders in healthcare must live and conduct all their activities so that others may look them squarely in the eye knowing that they are associating with and placing their trust in an honorable individual. Leaders exert themselves to promote the well-being of others. They do something or stand ready to do something for others. They develop self-reliance in others so that they can become effective members of an interdependent team. Self-reliance means that a staff member does not need the presence of the boss to carry out the tactical and operational elements of his or her own job. As a leader, one should state the job to be done but leave it to one’s subordinate to recommend the methods that will accomplish the desired results, at the time required, with due regard for costs (Conger, 1989). If one wants to lead people in healthcare, one has to communicate information directly and honestly. One cannot hem and haw or water down the truth. One has to keep one’s people and the people to whom one reports, grounded in the reality of one’s situation. Although most people believe that they are honest, few are direct. Many women, especially, respect the social value of an indirect approach to problems, and this places them at a disadvantage in leadership situations. If one has trouble with the direct approach, one should put one’s points in writing, structuring them so that when one goes into a meeting, one can use one’s notes as an aid until one feels comfortable in delivering verbal reports without them. Dishonesty of any sort is quickly perceived as very disturbing and unlikable. It also carries a â€Å"permanent† connotation that isn't easily erased. Honesty is a deeply held value and can run all the way from one’s surface sincerity and â€Å"realness† to one’s basic ethics and morality. Conversation or behavior that is not very honest waves a red flag that causes other people to back off and not trust one. Trust is necessary for good communication and good communication is the main tool of successful supervision (Conger, 1989). The defensiveness typically caused by even minor dishonesty shuts down communication. There are many verbal and non-verbal indicators of dishonesty to-watch for, including elusive eye contact, contradictory body language, tone and flow of voice, behavioral inconsistencies and aggressive posture. The effective leader in healthcare models the way he or she desires his or her followers to act. (Kouzes, James & Posner 1987) This characteristic of the effective leader has also been described as the â€Å"management of trust.† (Bennis 1989) The group learns very quickly that it can rely on the leader, who is exactly what he or she appears to be. The actions of a transformation leader represent the beliefs and commitments that are spoken. Building Strong Relationships Interpersonal relationships play a critical role in the management process. As noted by Gabarro (1987,p. 172), â€Å"relationships are the principal means through which organizations are controlled.† Friendships and related social networks in organizations have been investigated in relation to such factors as organizational choice (Kilduff, 1990), turnover and organizational commitment (Krackhardt & Porter, 1985), culture (Krackhardt & Kilduff, 1990), and organizational conflict (Nelson, 1989). Much of the research that has investigated the nature of the leader-follower relationship has taken place within the context of leader-member exchange theory (LMX). Leader-member exchange theory suggests that leaders differentiate among followers in terms of leader behavior rather than enacting â€Å"one best† average leadership style with all followers (Liden & Graen, 1980). The LMX model recognizes the importance and nature of specific leader-follower relationships and emphasizes the differences in the manner in which a leader behaves toward each follower (Vecchio & Gobdel, 1984). A role is informally negotiated between each member of the work group and the leader, and an active exchange of inputs and outcomes occurs between the leader and each follower (Bass, 1990; Dansereau, Graen, & Haga, 1975). Some leader-follower dyads within groups develop roles that are personally satisfying and mutually compatible, while others do not (Graen & Scandura, 1987). Earlier writings referred to followers in the former type of dyad as part of the â€Å"in-group† and the latter as â€Å"out-group† members. Over the years, LMX research has not only verified the existence of differentiated leader-member dyads within groups, but it has also investigated the characteristics of the leader-follower relationship, as well as the process by which leaders develop effective leadership relationships. According to Graen and Uhl-Bien (1995), the development of a leader-member exchange relationship â€Å"is based on the characteristics of the working relationship as opposed to a personal or friendship relationship† (p. 237). LMX is conceptualized as a multidimensional construct, consisting of respect, trust, and mutual obligation, and it refers specifically to these dimensions as they relate to â€Å"individuals' assessments of each other in terms of their professional capabilities and behaviors† (Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995, p. 238). Vision To lead a group in healthcare, one must have a vision that people support from both a personal and a philosophical perspective. Consider Martin Luther King. What was the vision? His most famous statement, â€Å"I have a dream,† was delivered to more than half a million people who had descended on Washington, D.C., in support of civil rights. What was his dream? Racial equality. Could people relate to that personally and philosophically? Absolutely. Few people argued against the philosophy of racial equality. Furthermore, many supporters believed that he would have a tremendous impact on them personally. King gained overwhelming support because of his vision (Collins & Porgas, 1991). Once leaders develop a vision, they must communicate their ideas. Leaders are often great communicators. Consider Martin Luther King. He had the ability to stir and motivate people, and he excelled when he got in front of a group of people. Former President Abraham Lincoln also had superb speechmaking abilities. One of his speeches, the Gettysburg Address, is so famous that most schoolchildren memorize it at some point in their studies. Communication skills were the strong point of another well-known leader, former President Ronald Reagan. While some people have questioned Reagan's leadership abilities, few questioned his communication skills. Many remember his first State of the Union Address, which was delivered the year after he was wounded by a gunshot from John Hinckley. As with any presidential candidate, there were those who had not voted for him and were not particularly strong supporters. Reagan's address, however, was so stirring and so patriotic that afterward even people who were lukewarm about him wanted to jump to their feet, salute, and flip on their Lee Greenwood tape of â€Å"I'm Proud to Be an American.† The words he chose, and the manner in which he presented them, really touched people (Collins & Porgas, 1991). Passion Passion engenders enthusiasm and creativity. It also drives excellence. Without passion a business is ordinary — for its employees, suppliers and, most importantly, for its customers. It is easier to recognize the absence than the existence of passion. Passion is not a commodity or even an art form that can be taught or bought. It is also quietly frowned on in some circles. Passionate and respected leaders motivate and inspire those around them to share their passion for a product, a concept or an opportunity. By doing so, they encourage others to excel. These leaders recognize the need to foster and embrace a range of complementary talents and experiences. To attract people with these skills and, more importantly, right attitudes, they create the processes and culture to support them. If passion is engendered, encouraged and focused then, all other things being equal, the organization with passion will outperform those without (Bryson & Crosby, 1992). Commitment to Serve Others The effective leader in healthcare empowers others to act. (Kouzes & Posner 1987) He recognizes the potential of the entire organization and freely grants or sanctions individuals the power to act in concert with the group. What appears to be an abdication of power by the leader results in a stronger unison effort? The transformational leader encourages the heart. (Kouzes & Posner 1987) Followers work more effectively if they are frequently praised, and it is the transformational leader who understands the necessity of recognizing their accomplishments. This leadership characteristic suggests that frequent encouragement and praise for even minor accomplishments is appropriate. Positive affirmation does not instill complacency, but instead it results in motivating an individual to perform even better. Mentoring does not have to be one-on-one. With this new twist on an old model, a mentor guides a group of protà ©gà ©s through the complex process of developing their organizational practical understanding and their careers. In the new mentoring model, learning leaders are partners, rather than â€Å"patriarchs.† As experienced organizational veterans with information and knowledge to offer, they act as leaders of group learning and facilitators of group growth. With group mentoring, the setting and emphasis shifts from one-on-one relationships to group relationships. The learning leader helps protà ©gà ©s understand the organization, guides them in analyzing their experiences, and helps them clarify career directions. The process gives the protà ©gà ©s access to the experience and knowledge of a successful, high-level manager. In addition, that help comes from a different paradigm–that of a leader as collaborates. The task of the learning leader is to create an environment for the professional growth of a small group of protà ©gà ©s who can benefit from the experience, knowledge, and support of an organization veteran and of other group members. References Bennis, Warren. (1989). Why Leaders Can't Lead–The Unconscious Conspiracy Continues (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass). Bryson, J. and Crosby, B. (1992). Leadership for the Common Good: Tackling Public Problems in a Shared-Power World. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Collins, J. and Porgas, J. (1991). Organizational Vision and Visionary Organizations. California Management Review (Fall): 36. Conger, J. (1989). The Charismatic Leader: Behind the Mystique of Exceptional Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Gabarro, J. J. (1987). The development of working relationships. In J. W. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 172-189). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Graen, G. B., & Scandura, T A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. In L. L Cummings & B. M. Shaw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 175-208). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247. Kilduff, M. (1990). The interpersonal structure of decision making: A social comparison approach to organizational choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 47(2), 270288. Kouzes, James M.   and Posner, Barry Z. (1987). The Leadership Challenge (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass). Krackhardt, D., & Kilduff, M. (1990). Friendship patterns and culture: The control of organizational diversity. American Anthropologist, 92(1), 142-154. Krackhardt, D., & Porter, L. W. (1985). When friends leave: A structural analysis of the relationship between turnover and stayers' attitudes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 242-261. Liden, R. C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 451-465. Nelson, R. E. (1989). The strength of strong ties: Social networks and intergroup conflict in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 32(2), 377-401. Vecchio, R. P., & Gobdel, B. C. (1984). The vertical dyad linkage model of leadership: Problems and prospects. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34, 5-20.   

Dame Van Winkle-An Epitome of Non-conformist Behavior

Dame Van Winkle is a dominant and practical-minded lady and her disposition and character does not match with the norms of the contemporary American society. She is an anti-thesis to the Romantic Rip Van Winkle who epitomizes the romantic traits of his age. There is no textual hint that Dame Van Winkle was hash by nature bit it was socio-economic compulsion that made her to castigate Rip time and again. She does not complement but even sometime challenges the contemporary social traditions and norms that require a complacent attitude and behavior on the part of woman.It is the nature ad characteristics of Rip that compel Dame to be a cultural villain. Her villainy is not due to any inherent flaw in her nature or due to habitual formation or propensity in her character. It is due to the circumstances in which she is placed and in which she has to perform suitably. Economic well-being of her family is her ultimate objective. Rip does not pay attention to this aspect and indulge himself helping others. Although he is â€Å"simple good-natured â€Å"and â€Å"a kind neighbor† but he is not a good family head.He is not pragmatic and does not think about the well-being of his family. He is a fellow who â€Å"take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble†. He uses to â€Å"starve on a penny than work for a pound†. Dame’s scolding is not a result of any pernicious nature or individual grudges. The story manifests that there are certain other male characters in the story that spend their time in useless activities and enjoy the blessing of indolence but their wives do not scold them. Their attitude is in conformity with the social norms.The author only portrays Dame with the colors of cruelty because she does not conform to the so-called model of contemporary women. This model requires women to act submissively and remain obedient and subservient to their husbands. It further requires them not to complain or criticize the behavior of their husbands. Same is the case with Dame. Her husband, society and author want her to behave and act accordingly but she does not do so. Although her behavior is not appropriate to the social and cultural norms of the day but was most apt response according to the economic and domestic conditions of her family.In spite of doing something practical regardless of her rebuke and reproach, he used to â€Å"frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village† and used to take refuge in idle activities. This further infuriates Dame and she further performs a non-conformist act by going into the stronghold of the men and scolds Rip’s companions as well. Although it is courageous act according to the social norms of today but it was considered a height of bad manners by that societies and that company. That’s the reason that contemporary society only blames her for all the misdeeds.Irving provides certain hints about other facets of her characters. He portrays her as a neat and clean lady who always keeps her house tidy. There is no quarrel between her and her neighbors or any other woman of the village. All the above-mentioned arguments and supporting evidence manifest that Dame Van Winkle was not of a tyrannical nature but it was Rip’s failing as a husband and father that make her behave so. Furthermore, she is regarded cantankerous not due to real bad temper but due to non-conformity with the contemporary social norms. Work Cited Irving, Washington. Rip Van Winkle. New York: Philomel Books, 1999.

Benefits Of A Small Business Center At Central Piedmont...

Five years from now I see myself running a small business. Background knowledge as well as experience is needed to run a small business. To gain knowledge I will take advantage of the Small Business Center at Central Piedmont Community College. The Small Business Center provides vast resources and counseling at no cost. Counseling that is provided in the Small Business Center helps with business planning, business growth, or cash flow management. For counseling I would have to request counseling and wait 3 additional days to set an appointment. According to CNBC news the best way to gain the experience is to learn all the operations that are required to successfully run a small business by working in a small business. Also acquiring a mentor who has the experience would be beneficial. Furthermore, talking to my future customers should provide background knowledge about what products they want. Because of the experience I have working in a beauty supply, I will start one. I have close to 9 years of experience working in a beauty supply. I have skills to work the register, provide customer service as well as stock inventory. To gain knowledge for running a small business I will need to become an apprentice for my current boss or a business professional. This is beneficial for both me and my boss. While I learn how to finance a business as well as business its self, my boss could take more vacations and have less stress from work. The business that I would like to start is aShow MoreRelatedSadie Hawkins Day and Valentine Grams18321 Words   |  74 Pagesand small pails of chocolates. â€Å"The money that we raise from Academy of Life students are â€Å"Stars for a Night† Elton John and Kiki Dee. â€Å"It was the first time that students from Piedmont danced onstage. In previous years, we did a lot of backstage work like making the sets and decorations,† explains Ms. Casiano. 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Characteristic Features of the Middle Ages Essay - 750 Words

Also called the middle ages, the medieval ages were influential in European history. It dates between the 5th and the 15th centuries of european history. The beginning of the period was marked by the collapse of Rome while its end was marked by the end of Renaissance. The Roman Empire’s fall bringing forth an idea of uniting Europe in what was called Christendom, this was based on the beliefs of the church. Features such as migration of people, invasions, population distribution, and deurbanization characterized this period. The medieval ages had three periods, which include the antiquity, the medieval periods, and the modern period, all of which exhibited different characteristics. The end of this period saw various challenges coming†¦show more content†¦The Pope was the supreme authority while there was an emperor who was second in the command. For example, Charlemagne served as the Roman emperor after being elevated to the position by Pope Leo III. The church becam e powerful in many aspects; the people were required to pay tithe to the church while there was exemption of the church from taxation. The church went to the levels of owning armies as well as cities in addition to playing a great role in the regulation of state affairs. This period was characterized by spectacular art and architecture. The church’s position facilitated the development of structures such as cathedrals and monasteries that served the entire religious and political leadership of the time. Some of the economic and cultural developments that saw the development of the renaissance took place around the 12th century. Economic power characterized by the developments in art and architecture began shifting from eastern Mediterranean to Western Europe. Apart from development of towns and cities, communication began to be advanced as well as trade development saw the rise of rich merchants. Agriculture was at the center stage of the developments, where cultivation of be ans increased exponentially. The resultant was an increase in population as well as the disintegration of the preexisting feudal structures. The Gothic architecture and art was developed to a greater extent in the 13th century.Show MoreRelatedArchitectural Designs of Castles vs. Modern Homes1207 Words   |  5 Pagesarchitectural design of castles in the Middle Ages? If design of homes is changing back to design of castles is it a reflection on our society that castles of the Middle Ages were built primarily for defense. Does this mean that as a society we are tying to pull away from each other? There are many similar characteristics and features between modern homes and castles that are incorporated into the design specifically for defense reasons. Castles in the Middle Ages were built primarily for defenseRead MoreMiddle Childhood. 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The Upside to Free Gmat Essay Samples

The Upside to Free Gmat Essay Samples There are lots of top national level MBA entrance exams and as a student you need to have an entire idea about all of them. You need to develop a study plan which includes when to study and what things to study. Otherwise, a slightly greater performance isn't sufficient to put yourself in the place to raise questions with the admissions committee about your capacity to successfully finish an MBA program. If you rent a consultant, don't neglect to ask the below essential questions to look at the trustworthiness of the consultant 1. Whilst a student, you've got to provide your level best in every section. The graduation also has to be from a reputable institute or university. The audio chair also cites a gain in job openings in the area of music-therapy. By practicing writing, you'll have knowledge about how to compose an impressive essay, which will be able to help you put in your dream MBA School. If you would like to convince your readers, make sure you present information in an excellent manner that could be read easily. If you get an obvious essay, readers will understand easily what you would like to tell. The essay will test the student wisdom and ability in answering the questions together with analyzing the situation. Moreover, several times, it might not even be the reason for a student's admission to a particular college. With 3 weeks to get ready for gmat you will need gmat test prep books, you're in a position to consider dividing your research time into two components. If you're contemplating taking the GMAT as a way to further your organization education, it's important to get familiar with the test and its format. When you have finished the test, it's extremely important to analyse your mistakes. If you wish to receive a high score in your essay, do your very best to present new thoughts and support your opinions. You may get to understand whether you're eligible to sit down in a specific exam or the sort of questions that it is possible to count on. Answers are provided at the conclusion of all of the questions. You've got to answer the questions since they are presented to you. Questions at the end are usually harder, and so you will learn faster. To raise your chances of getting admitted in the best b-schools, you have to start GMAT preparation quite early. You will have the ability to register for the GMAT only in the event you possess a valid passport. If you understand what you will create GMAT essay, be sure you search the world wide web and read more books. It is not difficult to write GMAT essay in case you have a guide and you've completed a good researched. The GMAT is a test that you will need two or three months to get ready for. GMAT test scores are valid for as many as five whole decades. The GMAT test covers a wide scope of topics. It consists of four sections. The New Fuss About Free Gmat Essay Samples Be respectful of time and always send thank you notes, but generally speaking, make the most of the chance to learn from a number of the top men and women in public health on earth. Therefore, make an effort not to over-exaggerate things because it is very likely to provide a negative effect of you being self-obsessed and superlative. If you attempting to compose an essay and listing down things that the admission committee wishes to hear then you're taking the incorrect move. It is crucial to manage or budget your time to prevent difficulties in writing. Most Noticeable Free Gmat Essay Samples As soon as you answer a question, you might not return and change the response. Thus, the word other is necessary to create the c omparison logical. Before moving to the next question, replace the reply in the sentence to make certain it's accurate. In instances where the answer isn't known, thus, it is vital to create an educated guess. What You Need to Know About Free Gmat Essay Samples The school will subsequently send you information concerning the application procedure and about events in your region. Specific details on the way the computer adaptive test procedure works can be found on the internet at GMAC's website. It's essential to have a holistic view of the comprehensive application. Figure out just what the application procedure and timeline are like.

Economic and Labour Relations †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Economic and Labour Relations. Answer: Introduction: The Fair Work Act 2009 is the main legislation, which governs the workplaces in Australia. The Fair Work Act provides the foundation for all the regulations and standards related with employment. Therefore, it is significant for the employers in all industries and all business sizes to be familiar with this key piece of legislation. The rows or obligations that have been mentioned in the Fair Work Act for employees and employers are known as the national workplace relations system (Gostencnik, 2009). This system has been introduced the bill to provide a balanced framework related with productive workplace relations so that national economic prosperity can be promoting and the social inclusion for all Australians can be ensured. Hence, this means that this legislation has been introduced for the good of all and there are no subjective or biased perspectives presented in this legislation. Fair Work Act (Cth) was introduced in 2009 by the Labor government. This legislation replace the earlier work choices legislation, which was quite unpopular. Therefore the main aim of introducing the Act was to improve the lives of the employees at workplaces in Australia. This was the reason that it was delayed by a number of Australians that the employers have too much power as compared to the employees due to bridge the employees were forced to agree to working hours and images that were not up to their expectations. It was claimed that the earlier legislation, before the implementation of the Fair Work Act undermines the rights of the workers and they had considerably less control over their own workplace choices and the earlier legislation also allowed unfair dismissals by the end was to go unchecked. One of the more significant changes introduced by the new Act was the right to organize provided to the employees (Catanzariti and Shariff, 2005). The earlier legislation has the p rovisions regarding union interaction at the workplace. Similarly, it was also discouraged by the employers and the industrial relations law. On the other hand, the Fair Work Act not only supports the involvement of the Union but it also encourages it in two ways. The first is in the form of enterprise agreements, and the other is the right to organize. Therefore, now the employees are allowed to bring union representatives at the workplace and talk to them during their break, although a notice has to be given a full 24 hours. This has been hailed as a significant improvement and expected to have a positive impact on participation by the union, although there are certain issues that still need to be resolved in this context. Another major change, introduced by this legislation is the right to collective bargaining. It is said that this writer has a major impact on the employees at the Australian workplaces. This Act has returned a number of rights that were taken away by the Work Choices Act in 2006. Some of these rights included the new Award safety net , as well as the Fair Work Australia (for the purpose of ensuring that the rights of employees are protected) and the right of low-paid workers to bargain collectively. The result of the introduction of all these changes is that there has been a decrease in the number of working days that are lost in industrial disputes. Hence it can be said that the Act had a positive impact on the employers when it comes to respecting the rights of the employees (Ford, 2000). Employee Workplace Protections: The protections provided to the Australian employees were strengthened considerably as a result of the implementation of this Act. The main areas where this impact can be seen are the increase in minimum wage, protection against unfair dismissal and protection from unfair changes as well as the elimination of unfair individual contracts. The protection provided to the employees against unfair dismissal can be described as a major area of impact, particularly when it is compared to the unbalanced dismissal laws that were present in the Work Choices Act. As a result of the new regulations, protection has been provided to all employees who are in employment for more than 12 months, against unfair dismissal. It had a major impact in ensuring the prevention of unfair dismissal faced by the elderly, female or disabled employees on very unjust grounds (Cooney, 2006). After the implementation of this Act, now the employees can make a claim for unfair dismissal in such cases. Moreover, it is treated as conversation and has significant impact on the protections provided to the employees who have to deal with unlawful unfair dismissal. An example that can be given in this regard is that of Barclay v Board of Bendigo Regional Institute of Technical and Further Education (2011) FCAFC. The brief facts of this case are that Barclay, an employee of the Board, was also a member of Australian Education Union. He took action for the Union who had contacted him regarding their questions concerning the upcoming audit and fraudulent documents. In response to his questions, the CEO sends an e-mail to all of the employees and warned them against talking to Barclay. Moreover, he was suspended from employment and coming to work and his access to Internet was also cut. The court ruled that all this amounted to adverse action. The reason was that Barclay was acting as an official of the Union at the time. He was involved in industrial action. When he was su spended and cut off from Internet. This was the first case that was ruled under the new Act by the High Court. This decision also reveals the complete extent of the protections provided to the employees by the new legislation and also the support provided by it to the union members. Another important change that is the result of this Act, and that has an impact on the protections provided at the workplace in Australia was the abolition of AWA and introducing enterprise agreements as well as good-faith bargaining. Good faith bargaining had much positive impact on the workforce of Australia regarding adaptability and flexibility and also in terms of the claims that in the first 10 months of the introduction of this Act, the number of individuals that were covered by any demand increased by 10 percent. As a result of this agreement system, now the employees cannot be made to sign a contract due to which the employees may get less money than they are already getting. As a result of these changes, there has been greater participation by the unions in the process of agreement negotiation. Due to this reason, the employees now have a greater voice in the bargaining and the process of contract negotiating. All this has considerable impact on issues like union interventi on while under the earlier legislation; the voice of the employees was limited. In the end, it can be said that the implementation of Fair Work Act, 2009. There has been a major impact on the rights and protections that have been provided to the workforce in Australia. These changes are particularly positive in context of the rights enjoyed by the employees regarding union participation and action without the fear of reprimand (Billing, 2009). This position has also been established with the help of Barclay decision and also the protections related with good-faith bargaining and wage fairness when the employee contracts were drawn. In fact, factors like these that have been discussed in the present work resulted in creating a strong impact on the reestablishment of the power imbalance that was created as a result of the Work Choices Act (Catanzariti, 2001). However, it needs to be mentioned that still in Australia, there is much need for the development of industrial relations laws so that the workforce of Australia can be assured that it is supported in the sam e way as required. Hence there certain areas of the workforce that there has been only a limited impact on the rights and protections and therefore, further legislative changes are also required. Although the introduction of Fair Work Act has been welcomed but still there are certain there are some shortcomings like the need for having even better safety net, which provides a confidence to the employees to create a work-life balance. It has been claimed that a limited impact was present on the rights of the employees to claim flexible working hours as these cannot be claimed in case of aged parents or the children over the age of five years. Similarly, it is also been stated that there are certain problems present with the good-faith bargaining system. Therefore, there is a need for fairer and more appropriate options in case of different types of businesses. References Billing, S., (2009) Fair Work Act 2009: Fairer for Whom? 8 Catanzariti J. and Shariff, Y., (2005) Major Tribunal Decisions in 2004 47(2) The Journal of Industrial Relations186 Catanzariti, J., (2001) Freedom of association restrictions on outsourcing Law Society Journal 48 Cooney, S., (2006) Command and control in the Workplace: Agreement-making under Work Choices 16(2) The Economic and Labour Relations Review 147 Ford, W J, (2000) Being There: Changing Union Rights Of Entry Under Federal Industrial Law 13 AJLL 1 Gostencnik, V., (2009) Fair Work Bill 2008: What You Need to Know Now About the New 23 Hall, R. (2005) Australian Industrial Relations in 2005The WorkChoices Revolution 48(3) Journal of Industrial Relations 291 Industrial Landscape (Part 2) Keeping Good Companies, Corrs Chambers Westgarth